Depends on where you are, many states now have a law forbidding drivers under the age of 18 from having passengers, this is an effort to cut down on teenage traffic deaths. if you are not sure, call your local dept of licensing.
yes they can
Only if you also have a licensed driver with you [ and of course , kid in a safety seat ].
You have to drive with a licensed Driver.
You can drive with any licensed driver
Any licensed driver can teach another person IF they have a Learner's Permit. Ages of the licensed driver don't matter but the licensed driver should be experienced.
yes, you can if you are a fully licensed driver.
During the first 12 months after you are licensed, you cannot drive between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. and you cannot transport passengers under 20 years of age, unless you are accompanied by a licensed parent or guardian, a licensed driver 25 years of age or older, or a licensed or certified driving instructor. All the details are in the driver's handbook (related link).
Yes, as long as the other person is a legally licensed driver.
Both are held liable.
Yes
No. You need a licensed driver with you while you drive.
Insurance is issued on the vehicle, not the driver. If your child, properly licensed, is driving with you in the front passenger seat, the vehicle and its passengers are covered.