The Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States explains that those powers not explicitly detailed in the Constitution are reserved to the states (and the people). Therefore, if the law is not in voilation of precedence or the US Constitution, the federal government cannot prohibit the law. However, the implied powers, or those referenced in the "necessary and proper" clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, permit Congress to impose laws to effectively execute current laws and those principles in the Constitution. Thus, the federal government can deem a law "unconstitutional" or improper and therefore prevent the law from being passed.
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Police fall under jurisdiction of the state government, not being an enumerated power of the federal government.
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State laws are passed by the individual state legislatures, federal law is passed by the US Congress.
Yes, the constitution states that the federal government is the primary government with states being second. Since 1789 there has always been the issue of state rights vs federal laws.
State prisons are where inmates go after being sentenced in state court for crimes prosecuted by the state. Federal prisons are where inmates go after being sentenced in federal court for crimes prosecuted by the federal government.
It isn’t ok for state government to overrule a federal government. The federal is above the state.
Federal Government
Both state and federal government
The case that essentially outlawed state taxes being levied on the federal government is McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). The Supreme Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, as doing so would undermine the supremacy of federal law. This decision reinforced the principle of federalism by establishing that the federal government has certain implied powers that cannot be impeded by state actions.