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The Dred Scott decision of 1857.

It was to do with an unusual case of a slave who should have been entitled to his freedom because his master had taken him on to free soil. But for some reason, the slave did not apply for his freedom until he was back in slave country.

The Supreme Court invoked the Constitution literally, by declaring that a man's property was sacred, and slaves were property. It also declared that a black man was not the sort of person who should be suing a white man.

This infuriated the increasingly powerful abolitionist lobby, and raised the temperature of the whole debate.

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