No. According to the US Copyright Office:
Minors may claim copyright, and the Copyright Office issues registrations to minors, but state laws may regulate the business dealings involving copyrights owned by minors. For information on relevant state laws, consult an attorney.
There is no minimum age for copyright protection.
There is no minimum age for copyright protection.
For the rightsholder, copyright allows an income to be derived from the book and its content. For a user, copyright law allows certain unlicensed uses such as in education or criticism.
No, but certain brands may have trademarks for it.
Certain things on the Internet are copyright. This is because it is someone work/ creation and is therefore illegal to use this persons work with out acknowledgement of the creator. Anything which says copyright ( such as artists songs) are copyright.
Originality is still required for copyright protection, regardless of the nature of the work.
Altering, copying, distributing, or in certain cases displaying a work without permission of the copyright holder is an infringement of his or her copyright.
The legal term (and concept) is "copyright infringement". This is more accurate, as "violation" is more properly a term for criminal activities, not civil actions, and copyright law is Civil Law (though, unfortunately, there now also exists certain Criminal Laws for certain copyright infringement situations). Specifically, copyright infringement is the copying (in whole or in part) of a copyrighted work without the express consent of the copyright owner of that work. There are specific exceptions to where certain amounts of copying are legal (most prominently, but not exclusively, the "Fair Use" doctrine).
They're not the same. Copyright is the ability of the owner of the rights in a work to prohibit certain uses of a work. Fair use is the ability of someone to legally use a copyrighted work for certain limited purposes without permission of the copyright owner.
No. Common words/phrases, titles & names cannot be copyright protected. Under certain circumstances they can, however, be trademarked
The only way to be certain is to contact the copyright holder yourself.
Copyright can be bought, sold, or transferred at any time during its duration.