The short answer, based on what I think you're asking, is you can't, because no such thing exists. The longer answer is, the only way to be able carry everywhere in the U.S. is to become a commissioned officer through a federal agency such as the FBI, or to be a commissioned police officer, and carry under the HR218 law.
Carrying a concealed firearm can be a felony unless you have a concealed weapons permit. I am told it is just about impossible to get a CCW permit in California. The applicable Penal Code sections are 12020 PC et seq. You can sift through them at: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov
No. Any felony precludes a person from obtaining a weapons permit.
It depends on where you are located.
Weapons permit a greater degree of violence.
A concealed weapons permit is only a license that allows you to carry a firearm in public without it being clearly visible. Owning a firearm is a completely different set of permissions, and is usually required before you can even get a concealed weapons permit.
No.
Yes
It depends on what state. Each state sets its own requirements for weapons and weapons permits. For instance, Tennessee issues a "Handgun Carry Permit" which covers only handguns and does require concealment. In Tennessee, you can techically carry a concealed weapon other than a gun without a permit as long as said weapon is otherwise legal.
21.
only with a weapons permit
No
It depends on where you are. In the U.S. each state sets its own rules. For instance, in Tennessee, there is no such thing as a weapons permit, it's a handgun carry permit, and applies to handguns only. Other than handguns, basically anyone can carry any legal weapon, but to carry a handgun, you must have the handgun permit. On the other hand, Florida issues a "concealed weapons permit" and it covers any legal weapon.