You can have the tenant quit claim their rights to the property. Or sell the life estate to the remainderman.
Nothing. A "life tenant" is simply the owner for the rest of his or her life, regardless of where he or she lives. One would presume the nursing home will let you (or somebody) know when they no longer believe the "life tenant" is alive.
Yes
If the property was in the name of the decedent then it became part of the estate. If the decedent owed a debt to the nursing home for care it provided that was not covered by insurance or any government benefit the nursing home can make a claim against the estate. The estate must pay the debts of the decedent before any property can be distributed to the heirs.
Normally any debts a person has when they die (such as outstanding fees to a nursing home) are paid out of the estate of the deceased person. If there is not enough money in the estate to meet all the debts then the people owed money get only a share of what there is. Relatives do not have to make up the difference unless THEY told the nursing home THEY would pay the nursing home costs (and signed a contract to this effect).
No. Possession of the property has nothing to do with how long a life tenancy lasts. The "life tenant" (who is the owner for life) could be in a nursing home, in prison for life, living in Antarctica for 50 years, whatever. The life tenancy, by definition, does not ordinarily terminate until the person whose life measures the estate ownership passes away, in fact, or has been deemed by a court to have passed away, in law (e.g., missing at sea for 7 years, or perhaps brain-dead for 2 years). However, a life estate can be transferred to others, and may be terminated if the "others" in the transfer happen to be exactly the same people who would ordinarily get it after the life tenant's death.
No, unless the granchild guaranteed the nursing home bills. Otherwise, grandpa, or grandpa's estate would be solely responsible for the bills.
Yes. If the life estate holder has been moved to a nursing home and you think it's a permanent move then you can take charge of the property in order to prevent loss or damage. You are the fee owner. If it's a temporary move you can still take charge of the property during the nursing home stay. The property can't be mortgaged or sold as long as the life estate holder is living without their consent.
The estate of the deceased and close family members may be able to sue. This would vary depending on the local state law.
A nursing home has no more right to your property (in general) than any other creditor has. If you die owing money to the nursing home, then they're entitled (as is every other creditor) to recover that money from your estate. Otherwise, no, they don't get to take part of your property unless you signed a specific contract with them stating so.
No. A life estate is extinguished when he life tenant dies.
The unmarried partner has no rights in the property. The life estate is extinguished immediately upon the death of the life tenant. You have only as much time as the fee owner is willing to give.
Generally, and unfortunately, any long term care costs will be charged against the real estate. A claim will be made against the estate when the patient has died.