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The Sixteenth Amendment allows Congress to levy and collect income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results. Prior to the Sixteenth Amendment Congress was limited by the Supreme Courts Decision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. in which they ruled that the unapportioned income taxes on interest, dividends, and rents imposed by the Income Tax Act of 1894 were, in effect, direct taxes, and were unconstitutional because they violated the rule that direct taxes be apportioned.

The Seventeenth Amendment supersedes Article I, § 3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, transferring Senator selection from each state's legislature to popular election by the people of each state. It also provides a contingency provision enabling a state's governor, if so authorized by the state legislature, to appoint a Senator in the event of a Senate vacancy until either a special or regular election to elect a new Senator is held.

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