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Payment of noncollectable court judgments against licensees who have committed fraud, misrepresentation, deceit, or conversion of trust funds is typically assured through state-run recovery funds or guaranty funds. These funds are established to compensate victims in cases where the licensee's actions result in financial loss and the licensee is unable to pay the judgment. Additionally, professional liability insurance may cover certain fraudulent actions, providing further financial protection for affected parties.
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What are the salient features of deferred database modification and immediate database modification schemes for recovery?
In deffered database the transaction is committed after the transaction is completed i.e(the transaction has completed its partially committed state) where as for immediate database the transaction is commited when tha transaction is in the active state. keta shah Oracle DBA track trainer ITS knp_shah@yahoo.co.in
What is cascadeless schedule?
One where every transaction reads only the items that are written by committed transactions.
What are the ACID rules for executed transactions?
Transaction must be Atomic (it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions)Consistent (data is either committed or roll back, no "in-between" case where something has been updated and something hasn't)Isolated (no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction)Durable (the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after).
Reserves committed to the conversion process for the purpose of producing outputs?
Work-in-process inventory.
What is transaction processing in dbms?
Transaction processing is information processing that is divided into individual, indivisible operations, called transactions. Each transaction must succeed or fail as a complete unit; it cannot remain in an intermediate state. Transaction mandatorily requires acknowledgment to get received as a necessary feedback for accomplishment.Transaction processing is designed to maintain a computer system (typically a database or some modern filesystems) in a known, consistent state, by ensuring that any operations carried out on the system that are interdependent are either all completed successfully or all canceled successfully.For example, consider a typical banking transaction that involves moving $700 from a customer's savings account to a customer's checking account. This transaction is a single operation in the eyes of the bank, but it involves at least two separate operations in computer terms: debiting the savings account by $700, and crediting the checking account by $700. If the debit operation succeeds but the credit does not (or vice versa), the books of the bank will not balance at the end of the day. There must therefore be a way to ensure that either both operations succeed or both fail, so that there is never any inconsistency in the bank's database as a whole. Transaction processing is designed to provide this.Transaction processing allows multiple individual operations to be linked together automatically as a single, indivisible transaction. The transaction-processing system ensures that either all operations in a transaction are completed without error, or none of them are. If some of the operations are completed but errors occur when the others are attempted, the transaction-processing system "rolls back" all of the operations of the transaction (including the successful ones), thereby erasing all traces of the transaction and restoring the system to the consistent, known state that it was in before processing of the transaction began. If all operations of a transaction are completed successfully, the transaction is committed by the system, and all changes to the database are made permanent; the transaction cannot be rolled back once this is done.Transaction processing guards against hardware and software errors that might leave a transaction partially completed, with the system left in an unknown, inconsistent state. If the computer system crashes in the middle of a transaction, the transaction processing system guarantees that all operations in any uncommitted (i.e., not completely processed) transactions are cancelled.Transactions are processed in a strict chronological order. If transaction n+1 intends to touch the same portion of the database as transaction n, transaction n+1 does not begin until transaction n is committed. Before any transaction is committed, all other transactions affecting the same part of the system must also be committed; there can be no "holes" in the sequence of preceding transactions.
What does setAutoCommit do?
When a connection is created, it is in auto-commit mode. This means that each individual SQL statement is treated as a transaction and will be automatically committed right after it is executed. The way to allow two or more statements to be grouped into a transaction is to disable auto-commit mode
What is meant by 'The execution of each transaction as atomic'?
In database management, atomicity refers to the property of transactions where either all operations within the transaction are completed successfully, or none of them are executed. This ensures that the database remains in a consistent state, with all changes committed or none at all.
What recovery actions is required for ensuring the durability property of a database?
Durability is one of the ACID properties of computer science, which guarantees the reliable processing of database transactions (single logical operations). Specifically, durability ensures that committed transactions will persist even if the system crashes. This can be obtained via a transaction log or flushing the transaction's log records to non-volatile memory before returning an acknowledgement for the transaction.
If someone has committed a tort of conversion can they be subject to a criminal prosecution?
Yes, something can be both a tort and a criminal offense. For example, if a person steals something they can be criminally prosecuted for theft, and found liable in civil court for the tort of conversion.
Are the kids insure on car insurance?
Whose kids, what kids? If you have provided your insurance company with the driver's license information, name, birthday, and any other information for your children who live with you then yes, they will be covered on your policy. If you have not given the company this information, they will not be covered as you have committed material misrepresentation and voided the contract.
What is the purpose of the inspection contingency removal addendum in a real estate transaction?
The purpose of the inspection contingency removal addendum in a real estate transaction is to allow the buyer to remove the contingency related to property inspections once they are satisfied with the results. This signifies that the buyer is committed to purchasing the property regardless of any issues found during the inspection.
What is ACID test in application in database system?
The ACID model is one of the oldest and most important concepts of database theory. It sets forward four goals that every database management system must strive to achieve: atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability. No database that fails to meet any of these four goals can be considered reliable.Let's take a moment to examine each one of these characteristics in detail: * Atomicity states that database modifications must follow an "all or nothing" rule. Each transaction is said to be "atomic." If one part of the transaction fails, the entire transaction fails. It is critical that the database management system maintain the atomic nature of transactions in spite of any DBMS, operating system or hardware failure. * Consistencystates that only valid data will be written to the database. If, for some reason, a transaction is executed that violates the database's consistency rules, the entire transaction will be rolled back and the database will be restored to a state consistent with those rules. On the other hand, if a transaction successfully executes, it will take the database from one state that is consistent with the rules to another state that is also consistent with the rules. * Isolation requires that multiple transactions occurring at the same time not impact each other's execution. For example, if Joe issues a transaction against a database at the same time that Mary issues a different transaction, both transactions should operate on the database in an isolated manner. The database should either perform Joe's entire transaction before executing Mary's or vice-versa. This prevents Joe's transaction from reading intermediate data produced as a side effect of part of Mary's transaction that will not eventually be committed to the database. Note that the isolation property does not ensure which transaction will execute first, merely that they will not interfere with each other. * Durability ensures that any transaction committed to the database will not be lost. Durability is ensured through the use of database backups and transaction logs that facilitate the restoration of committed transactions in spite of any subsequent software or hardware failures. Take a few minutes to review these characteristics and commit them to memory. If you spend any significant portion of your career working with databases, you'll see them again and again. They provide the basic building blocks of any database transaction model.
