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Montesquieu identifies three main powers in his work "The Spirit of the Laws": the legislative, the executive, and the judicial powers. The legislative power is responsible for making laws, the executive power for enforcing them, and the judicial power for interpreting them. Montesquieu emphasizes the importance of separating these powers to prevent tyranny and ensure a system of checks and balances within government. This separation is foundational to modern democratic systems.

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