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In the late 20th century, legal rulings such as the 1980 Supreme Court decision in Diamond v. Chakrabarty established that genetically modified organisms could be patented, viewing them as human-made inventions. This decision, along with subsequent changes in patent law, allowed corporations to claim ownership over basic biological elements, including genes and microorganisms, by framing them as inventions rather than natural phenomena. As a result, large corporations have been able to secure extensive patents on fundamental aspects of biological life, leading to significant implications for biotechnology and public health.

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