When a constitutional amendment has been ratified it means that the amendment had been passed or agreed upon by 3/4 of congress and is now being made a legal amendmen to our Constitution
Only the States can ratify a constitutional amendment. The President can veto legislation putting the amendment up for ratification, but can be overridden by the normal process in the Senate.
In constitutional amendments, the single subject style of proposing amendment is mostly applied. Where several subjects are massed together in one legislative measure the ratifying state legislatures are prone to applying the item veto to signify their preferences in any such constitution amendment proposal. And where an item veto is applied to any matter in that proposal by a ratifying state legislature, the entire measure fails.
by passage in a national convention called by Congress and held in two-thirds of the states.
When ratifying a formal amendment to the Constitution, the ratifying bodies must get the support of at least three-fourths of the ratifying bodies.
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cannot be extended
No rejecting means not passing and ratifying means passing so not ratifying means not passing which is the same as the rejecting. But rember just because one state rejects a amendment doesn't mean it will not be passed.
Constitutional amendments in the United States are ratified by a three-fourths majority of state legislatures or by a ratifying convention held in three-fourths of the states. The final authority rests with the states, not the federal government.
The last Amendment lowered the voting age to 18. It is the 26th Amendment. It was ratified in 1971.
What is the "constitutional orphan" of the Tenth Amendment?
If you mean by the president, or by the executive branch, no. There is a pretty intense process to repealing, as well as ratifying an amendment, because amendments are pretty much ultimate law. I pretty much gave you a dumbed down version, you can also read the constitution.
No. Any citizen of the United States can propose a Constitutional Amendment, but it won't formally enter the process of amending the Constitution until either Congress or the State Legislatures take it up. That process doesn't include any input from the President at all. In fact, the President may share his opinion of a Constitutional Amendment, but he may not veto it or in any way interfere with the process. Furthermore, the Courts have no jurisdiction over the process of ratifying a Constitutional Amendment either. If you consider Congress and the State Legislatures to be representatives of the people's will, then only the People may formally ratify a Constitutional Amendment. This is best represented by the 18th and 21st Amendments and how the People decided to amend the Constitution and then decided to undo the same Amendment.