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Baron Montesquieu contributed significantly to political philosophy with four key ideas: the concept of the separation of powers, which divides government into three branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) to prevent tyranny; the importance of a system of checks and balances to ensure that no branch becomes too powerful; the idea that laws should be adapted to the particular circumstances and culture of each society; and the notion of the spirit of laws, emphasizing the influence of social and environmental factors on governance. His work laid the groundwork for modern democratic theory and constitutional design.

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