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The Southern penal system refers to the network of prisons and convict labor systems that emerged in the Southern United States following the Civil War, particularly under the Black Codes and Jim Crow laws. This system aimed to control and exploit the labor of African Americans, often through leasing convicts to private companies for forced labor in agriculture and industry. It was characterized by harsh conditions, brutal treatment, and a lack of basic rights for inmates, reflecting the racial and economic dynamics of the post-war South. The legacy of this system has had lasting impacts on mass incarceration and racial disparities in the U.S. criminal justice system.

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