Because copyright protection is immediate and automatic, your best bet is to assume a work is protected unless you can prove otherwise.
If the work exists as something tangible, then it's automatically protected by copyright. It's then just a matter of trademarking it also.
You can't copyright anything that isn't your original work. But since copyright is automatic, if something is copyrightable and it exists, it is protected. That is, there is nothing in existence that is copyrightable that is not copyrighted.
No. Since 1989, when copyright law was amended to bring it into alignment with the Berne Copyright Convention, it is no longer necessary for a copyright symbol to be displayed to establish or maintain protection. Copyright exists from the moment you create an original work, and that can be something as simple as a photo of your child.
If something has mass it is matter.
Copyright exists as soon as the book is finished and it is not necessary to formally register with the US copyright office before publication.
No. Copyright exists from the moment that a work, of sufficient originality, is fixed in a tangible medium (finished painting, sound recording, saved computer file, etc) perceptible by human or machine.
The most important factor in establishing if copyright protection exists it the date of creation/publication. In most cases anything published before 1923 is in the public domain. After that date you will need to do a bit of research to determine if a work is protected or not.
No, copying and pasting is copyright though.
No. A copyright notice hasn't been required since the laws were changed in 1989.
Yes.
Humans dont know why life in any form exists at all.
Pain exists so that a person will know there is something wrong. If a person had no pain, they could die.