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The judicial branch of government, that is, the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, can declare acts of Congress or of the President unconstitutional.

This authority was firmly established in 1803, when the United States Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, decided the landmark case of Marbury vs Madison, declaring that certain legislation passed by Congress was unconstitutional.

Nothing in the text of the Constitution explicitly authorized this power of the Supreme Court, but there was some legal precedent. Probably more convincing, however, was Marshall's logical reasoning and clear explanation, which apply equally to Presidential acts as to acts of Congress.

Chief Justice Marshall reasoned that if a conflict between two laws resulted in a case coming before the Court, then it was clearly necessary, in order for the Court to make a correct decision, to determine which law to apply. One basis for deciding the applicability of a law would be the determination that it was not made in accordance with the Constitution, while the other was (or was the Constitution itself). If so, the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution makes it clear that the Constitution or a governmental act made in accordance with the Constitution was the "supreme Law of the Land" and any governmental act that the Court decided was not made in accordance with the Constitution was not good law and should not be enforced.

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