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There are 19 standard vowel sounds (20 if you count schwa-R separately)

Here is what they sound like:
pat (short A, ah)
pay (long A)
care (long A-r)
father (aah, similar to short O)

bet (short E)
beet (long E)

bit (short I)
bite, by (long I)
pier (rhotic I, similar to long E)

cot (short O)
toe (long O)
for (rhotic O, similar to long O)

noise (OY sound, a digraph)
good, book (short OO, distinct from short U)
boot (long OO, or long U)

urge (rhotic short U)
bud, cut (short U, uh)
out, loud (OW sound, a digraph)

alone, sofa, system, edible, gallop, circus (schwa sound, ə , an unstressed eh, ih, or uh sound)
better, butter (rhotic schwa)










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