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Technically, vowels are not defined as long or short, but their sounds are, because various vowels can sound like other vowels, alone or in pairs.

The "short" vowels have a truncated sound.

short A (ah) - apple, cat, sad

short E (eh) - bed, let, ten

short I (ih) - bill, mix, sit

short O (aah) - cot, nod, top

short U (uh) - up, bud, nut

short OO - book, good, foot, put

The "long" vowels say their name (ay, ee, eye, oh, yoo or oo).

long A (ay) - day, name, main, eight

long E (ee) - be, knee, mean, seat, genie (2)

Long I (eye) - sign, kite, why, guy, night

long O (oh) - go, woe, cold, moan, rode

long U (yoo or oo) - due, cute, feud, fuel, mule, pupil, view / dune, Flute, suit

long OO - same sound - moon, cool, loose, boot

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