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In English, almost all nouns form their plural form by adding -s to the singular form (book > books). A handful of these, ending in -f, change the -f to a -v as well (calf > calves).

Exactly seven English nouns form the plural by changing a vowel:

foot > feet

goose > geese

louse > lice

man > men

mouse > mice

tooth > teeth

woman > women

And three add -en instead of -s:

brother > brethren (archaic form, no longer used)

child > children

ox > oxen

A number of nouns that refer to animals have no distinct plural form at all:

deer > deer

fish > fish

moose > moose

quail > quail

(etc.)

Then there are a number of nouns borrowed from Latin or Greek, whose plurals in English are the same as in their original language:

(from Latin):

appendix > appendices

genus > genera

radius > radii

...etc.

(from Greek):

analysis > analyses

phenomenon > phenomena

...etc.

[source: Pinker, Words and Rules]

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