Polled.
Polled.
yes
Horned.
Charbrays can be both horned or polled, or even scurred.
Amerifax cattle are predominantly polled.
Both.
They can be both.
Limousin cattle are both horned and polled depending on genetics. Horned tends to be more prevalent, but it is not uncommon to see French breeders that have polled Limousin cattle. Polled Limousin are most common in North America.
Yes, the offspring has a 50% chance of being polled. The polled gene is dominant over the horned gene, so if the bull does not carry the horned gene, the offspring will not have horns.
They can be both, though historically they were primarily horned.
No. Horns are recessive-dominant, thus only appear if both parents are heterozygous polled (appear polled but have the horn gene), one is horned and the other hetero polled, or both are horned. Angus are homozygous polled, which means the first generation of offspring from a cross such as this will give you calves that are polled. They will, however, have the horn gene which means that if they are bred to a horned bull or cow, there's a much greater chance that their offspring will be horned.
There really isn't much of an obvious difference, except Herefords are a horned breed and Polled Herefords are bred to be naturally polled or hornless. Some of the Hereford breeders will tell you that the horned Herefords have more depth and are a little larger than the polled Herefords, but when a novice looks at a horned Hereford and a polled Hereford side-by-side, he will see no other obvious differences.