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A calf is a calf from birth to weaning. That calf is no longer a calf after weaning, but a bull (if male and intact), a steer (if castrated) or a heifer (if a female).

If the calf is being used for beef, at weaning age it's called a feeder calf. A feeder become stocker steer/heifer/bull when put out on pasture, usually when it reaches around 12 months of age. The calf is called a finisher when it goes into the feedlot to be put on a "hot" ration prior to slaughter, then a slaughter bull/heifer/steer when it is sold to be slaughtered for beef. This part of the equation is primarily reserved for steers.

A heifer calf is a female calf from birth. She becomes a weaned heifer when weaned, a heifer after she's gone through the weaning process, then a bred heifer when she gets pregnant for the first time. After she has had her first calf, she is called a first-calf heifer. She can also be considered a cow at this time. She will remain a cow until she dies of natural causes or illness, or is slaughtered for beef.

A bull calf is a male (intact) calf from birth. He is referred to as a weanling bull when weaned, then a young bull after being weaned and is not quite a year old. He is referred to a as a yearling bull when he reaches a year old and until he turns 2 years of age. He will then be referred to as a 2-year-old bull when he reaches two. He becomes a Mature bull when he reaches full maturity by the time he's 4 to 5 years old, and remains so until he dies of natural causes or is slaughtered for beef.

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