symic teeth and a pitchfork
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the answer is horse flu and symic teeth
No. Vaccinations are not compulsory in most places.
Unless you know how to give vaccinations let your vet do it.
You can currently get religious exemptions in every state, and philosophical exemptions in some. Otherwise, yes.
Horses stop racing at about 5-6.
A typical horse race usually has around 8 to 12 horses competing.
Miniature horses require the same vaccinations as full-sized horses because they are susceptible to the same diseases. In the US, all horses should be vaccinated against Eastern and Western Equine Encephalytis, Tetanus, West Nile Virus and Rabies. These are considered "core vaccinations" by the American Association of Equine Practitioners. Besides these "core vaccinations", there are "risk-based" vaccinations such as Potomac Horse Fever, Strangles, Influenza, Equine Herpes Virus 1 & 4, Equine Viral Arteritis, etc. These vaccines are given based upon the risk of exposure. Horse owners should contact their veterinarian to get recommendations for their horses based upon the specifics of their situation.
None. The foal could be hurt or killed
The type of vaccines that are compulsory when entering a horse in competition may vary from event to event so it's advisable to check the requirements with the organizers of each specific event. I have never heard of horse events requiring vaccines to be given to horses entered in them. The only related item that most competitions require is a current (within the last year) negative coggins test. A coggins test checks for the presence of Equine Infectious Anemia which is a highly contagious disease in horses. A coggins test is not a vaccine, only a test for the disease. There is no cure for the disease and horses that test positive for EIA must be euthanized or kept quarantined from other horses for the rest of their lives.
Horses need a tetanus shot once at year and probably a booster if they are injured with cuts or open wounds.
Generally, the requirement is a negative Coggins test within the last year.