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The Leontief paradox challenges the Heckscher-Ohlin model, which posits that countries export goods that utilize their abundant factors of production and import goods that require scarce factors. In his empirical study, economist Wassily Leontief found that the United States, a capital-abundant country, exported labor-intensive goods and imported capital-intensive goods, contradicting the model's predictions. This paradox suggests that the factor proportions theory may not universally apply and that other factors, such as technology, productivity, and industry-specific characteristics, must also be considered in trade analysis.

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What is demand reversal?

The possibility, accounting for the Leontief Paradox, that country demands differ so much that countries demand more of their abundant-factor intensive goods than they produce, thus invalidating the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem under the quantity definition of factor abundance but not under the price definition.


Criticisms of Heckscher-Ohlin model?

The Heckscher-Ohlin model has faced several criticisms, particularly its reliance on the assumption of factor mobility and the uniformity of production technologies across countries. Critics argue that it oversimplifies the complexities of international trade by neglecting the role of technology, economies of scale, and market imperfections. Additionally, empirical evidence often contradicts the model's predictions, such as the Leontief Paradox, which showed that the U.S. exported labor-intensive goods despite being capital-abundant. Finally, the model does not account for differences in consumer preferences or the impact of government policies on trade.


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