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AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) primarily uses substitution and permutation operations, which are implemented through specific logical gates. The key operations include the SubBytes transformation (using S-boxes for substitution), ShiftRows (a permutation), MixColumns (a matrix multiplication operation), and AddRoundKey (XOR operation). The S-box can be constructed using combinational logic gates, while the MixColumns operation is typically executed using finite field arithmetic. Overall, AES relies on a combination of XOR gates, AND gates, and other basic logical gates to perform its encryption and decryption processes.

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128-bit AES encryption refers to the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) that uses a key size of 128 bits for encrypting data. This means that there are 2^128 possible keys, making it extremely secure and resistant to brute-force attacks. AES operates on blocks of data, typically 128 bits in size, and is widely used for securing sensitive information in various applications, including data storage and communications. Overall, 128-bit AES is considered a strong encryption standard for protecting data confidentiality.


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