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What uses mutation rates to measure evolutionary time?
"Molecular clocks" can be used to estimate the time at which two lineages diverged. Often, the calibration of the clock uses fossil evidence to gauge a timeframe for the existence of a common ancestor of a number of lineages. From this, an average mutation rate can be calculated. This average mutation rate can then be used to estimate the timeframe for further branching points in the genealogy of the lineages in question.For instance, fossil evidence could be used to establish a timeframe for the existence of a common ancestor to all great apes. By dividing the sum of all differences in a particular genomic sequence for all great apes by the time between then and now, we get an average rate. We can then take the differences between that genomic sequence in men and Neanderthals to estimate when Neanderthals diverged from us.
What is true about two organisms that share the same common ancestors?
Two organisms that share the same common ancestor are likely to have similar genetic traits and physiological characteristics, reflecting their evolutionary relationship. This common ancestry suggests that they diverged from a shared lineage, leading to adaptations that suit their respective environments. Additionally, they may exhibit similar behaviors, reproductive strategies, or ecological roles, depending on how they have evolved over time. Overall, their shared lineage provides insights into their evolutionary history and biological connections.
What distinguishes Ashkenazi Jews from other Jews?
Descent (at least culturally) from the Jews of the Rhineland during the early second millennium. This Jewish community spoke Yiddish (a Germanic language with a heavy infusion of Hebrew and some Old French words -- it picked up Slavic words as the Ashkenazic community migrated east into Poland and Russia). Ashkenazic Hebrew diverged from Sephardic (Spanish) and Mizrachi (Baghdadi) Hebrew, shifting some "a"s into "o"s and shifted some "th" and "t"s into "s"s. A distinctive Ashkenazi liturgy emerged, along with the tradition of classifying legumes as grains for the purpose of Passover dietary laws.
Which of civilizations that existed between 600 BCE and 600 CE were different from earlier civilizations?
Civilizations between 600 BCE and 600 CE, such as the Roman Empire, Han China, and the Gupta Empire, differed from earlier civilizations due to their extensive political structures, economic systems, and cultural exchanges. The establishment of centralized bureaucracies and the expansion of trade networks facilitated greater connectivity, leading to the spread of ideas, technologies, and religions. Additionally, these civilizations saw advancements in arts, sciences, and philosophy that built upon and diverged from earlier traditions. This period also marked significant developments in urbanization and social organization, setting the stage for future societies.
What are the four pieces of evolution?
1. Evolution reproduced in the lab or documented in nature:a. Two strains of fruit flies lost the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring in the lab over a 4-year span ... i.e. they became two new species. (Easily repeated experiment.)b. A new plant species (a type of firewood), created by a doubling of the chromosome count from the original stock (Mosquin, 1967).c. Multiple species of the house mouse unique to the Faeroe Islands occurred within 250 years of introduction of a foundation species on the island.d. Formation of 5 new species of cichlid fishes that have formed in a single lake within 4,000 years of introduction of a parent species.2. Fossil evidence - (So much to list). The way fossils appear in the layers of rock always corresponds to relative development ... more primitive creatures in lower (older) layers. Absolute dating of fossils using radiometry. Constant discovery of new transitional forms. E.g. reptile-birds, reptile-mammals, legged whales, legged sea cows.3. Genetic evidence - E.g. the fact that humans have a huge number of genes (as much as 96%) in common with other great apes ... and (as much as 50%) with wheat plants. The pattern of genetic evidence follows the tell-tale patterns of ancestral relationships (more genes in common between recently related species, and fading the further back in time).4. Molecular evidence - These are commonalities in DNA ... which is separate from genetic commonalities ... much of our DNA does not code for genes at all. But random mutations (basically 'typos') enter into DNA at a known rate over the centuries. This is called the 'molecular clock' and again gives excellent evidence of when humans diverged from other apes (about 6 million years ago, according to this molecular clock), and this corresponds perfectly with when these fossils first appear in the fossil record (using radiometric dating).5. Evidence from proteins - Proteins - E.g., things like blood proteins (the things that give us our A, B, O blood typing and the Rh factor (the plus/minus thing) which incidentally stands for 'rhesus monkey'); the exact structure of the insulin molecule; and my favorite, the proteins responsible for color vision. The specific proteins found in human color vision are exactly the same as those found in Old World primates (the great apes and the monkeys found in Africa and Asia). These proteins are absent in New World primates (the Central and South American monkeys), and from all other mammals. In fact among the New World primates, only the howler monkey has color vision ... but these use slightly *different* proteins, coded on different locations and chromosomes, than humans and the OW primates. This is yet more evidence of a closer link between humans and the OW primates.6. Vestigial and atavistic organs - E.g. Leg and pelvic bones in whales, dolphins, and some snakes; unused eyes in blind cave fish, unused wings in flightless birds and insects; flowers in non-fertilizing plants (like dandelions); in humans, wisdom teeth, tailbones, appendix, the plantaris muscle in the calf (useless in humans, used for grasping with the feet in primates).7. Embryology - E.g. Legs on dolphin embryos; tails and gill folds on human embryos; snake embryos with legs; marsupial eggshell and carnuncle.8. Biogeography - The current and past distribution of species on the planet. E.g. almost all marsupials and almost no placental mammals are native to Australia ... the result of speciation in a geographically isolated area.9. Homology - E.g. the same bones in the same relative positions in primate hands, bat wings, bird wings, mammals, whale and penguin flippers, pterosaur wings, horse legs, the forelimbs of moles, and webbed amphibian legs.10. Bacteriology, virology, immunology, pest-control - I.e. the way that bacteria evolve in response to antibiotics (we can compare strains of tuberculosis today, with samples of older epidemics and can see the specific structures), or viruses (like HIV) respond to antivirals, or insects evolving in response to pesticides.----P.S. to Alana:1. Evolution has absolutely NOTHING to do with "chemicals miraculously appearing out of thin air." Nothing. Nada. Zip. Niente. Ixnay.2. Charles Darwin never said anything of the sort.Whenever a Creationist starts a sentence with "Even Charles Darwin said ..." you can be sure that the very next words are something Charles Darwin never said.
What is the part of speech for diverged?
Diverged is a verb.
What part of speech is diverged in this sentence Two paths diverged from the main road?
Diverged is a verb in the past tense.
Is diverged an adjective?
Yes, it can be (diverged paths, diverged concepts).But the more likely adjective to use would be divirgent.The word diverged is the past tense and past participle of the verb "to diverge."
How can you use diverged in a sentence?
Diverged means to move apart, to separate. Here are some sentences.The river diverged into two streams.Our paths diverged and we grew apart."Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, and I took the one less traveled." (from "The Road Not Taken," by Robert Frost)
Can you make a sentence using the word diverged?
there are two roads diverged while coming to our school.
What is the definition of diverged?
of Diverge
Is diverged a conjunction?
No, it is not. The word diverged is a verb or possibly an adjective. It is the past tense and past partiiple of the verb to diverge.
Why had the north and south diverged so greatly in the preceding three decades?
The North and South diverged because of slavery in the South and increasing industrialization in the North.
Two populations have evolved into two different species when what has happened?
Two populations have evolved into two different species when they can no longer interbreed to produce viable offspring. This is known as reproductive isolation, where genetic differences accumulate over time, leading to the development of separate species.
What part of speech is diverged?
"diverged" is a verb, in its past tense or past participle form. The past participle form can function in a sentence as an adjective.
What is the definition of the word diverged?
It means two paths in the woods split
what is origin for variola viruses?
Variola, the agent of smallpox, has been reported in human populations for greater than 2,000 years. Variola came from two primary strains, which likely diverged from an ancestral African rodent-borne variola-like virus either 16,000 or 68,000 years ago.
