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The Aztecs possessed a sophisticated understanding of astronomy and mathematics, which they used to create a complex calendar system. They developed a 365-day solar calendar known as the Tonalpohualli, consisting of 18 months of 20 days each, plus an additional short month, and a 260-day ritual calendar called the Xiuhpohualli. Their mathematical system was based on a vigesimal (base-20) counting system, which facilitated their calculations for agriculture, religious ceremonies, and navigation. Additionally, they meticulously observed celestial bodies, aligning their religious practices and agricultural cycles with astronomical events.

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