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A primary key is a key that is unique. A primary key is used to identify a record uniquely. There is not any particular case to not have a primary key . If you want to identify your records you should have a primary key or a surrogate key(as an alternative to it) .

In reality, you should always have a primary key. A primary key is there to uniquely identify each record, as it is like other elements would be duplicated. If you had a very large amount of names of people, then it is highly likely that the same firstname or same surname or even the same full name will come up more than once. Having a primary key distinguishes them as each primary key has to be unique.

Situations where you might not use it is where you have a very defined set of values where there is guaranteed to be no duplicates, like a database that has the 12 months of the year or a list of regions that all have different names. You still could make them primary keys, but in the case of the months, it would change them into alphabetical order, which you would not want, so that would be another reason for not using a primary key. To keep them in order, you could add another field, with the values from 1 to 12 and use that field as the primary key.

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