doctors
A person who helps sick people is typically called a healthcare professional. This includes a range of roles such as doctors, nurses, and therapists, all of whom provide care and support to patients. More broadly, the term "caregiver" can also refer to individuals who assist those who are ill or in need of help.
You call them a veterinarian
a patient
Do you mean when you call on the phone? Of course not; that makes no sense at all.
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According to research conducted in England, more people call in sick on Mondays (over a third).
medicine
If he or she is sick,then the parish would call a priest to anoint him and pray for him for his healing.
It depends on the level of formality. I think invalid is somewhat of an outdated term, more so constained to literature and other written text nowadays. However, depending on the context, I think it would not be impolilte as much as passé to call someone a sick person an invalid. (If you are looking for a word to substitute for the phrase 'a sick person,' though, invalid is probably the best word that exists) Hope this helps!
The word is nurse. A nurse is a person who is trained to take care of sick people.
If the person who sneezes is not sick, perhaps no one in the room will get sick. This is impossible to answer.