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The scientific unit of measurement for a dose of radiation, which is also called an effective dose, is the millisievert (mSv). This is also at times measured in rads, rems, roentgens and sieverts.

For an X-ray of a limb, the typical effective dose is 0.001 mSv. This is a comparatively small dose, and often talked about in relation to how much natural radiation from the earth to which it compares. In this case, it is equal to the natural background radiation you would get in less than one day.

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