The main threats to validity are bias, confounding and chance.
But keep in mind the internal and the external validity. Internal validity is the extent to which systematic error is minimised during the stages of data collection. where as the external validity encompasses the extent to which the results of the trials provide a correct basis for generalisation.
cohort
Lol wut
ecology, epidemiological studies
epidemiological studies.
By ruling out a series of threats to that validity. Please see the link for a list of them.
"A threat to external validity is an explanation of how you might be wrong in making a generalization."[4] Generally, generalizability is limited when the cause (i.e. the independent variable) depends on other factors; therefore, all threats to external validity interact with the independent variable.
Some examples of threats to validity that could impact the results of this study include selection bias, measurement error, confounding variables, and researcher bias.
Peizhong Peter Wang has written: 'Disability, epidemiological studies, and contextual factors'
Epidemiological Study.
Elizabeth Jennifer Hanna has written: 'Epidemiological and genetic studies in congenital heart disease'
Cohort, case control, and cross sectional
epidemiological studies.