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X-Rays are electromagnetic waves with a high frequency (lying between UV radiation and gamma radiation on the EM spectrum) and as a result, have a very small wavelength (on the atomic level). Because of this high frequency, they carry high amounts of energy, and have a high penetrating power. X-Rays are ionising, meaning they can cause cancer in humans if exposure is high enough.

The two main types are "hard" X-Rays and "soft" X-Rays. The differences are, "ard" X-Rays have a higher frequency, lower wavelength, carry more energy and have a higher penetrating power then "soft" X-Rays. In an X-Ray machine, an aluminium filter is often used to block the "soft" X-Rays, as they are more easily absorbed by the patient and are more dangerous because of this.

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