longitudinal velocity of aluminum is .25 shear velocity is .12
The polyps are located and removed with a wire snare, ultrasound, or laser beam
Velocity modulation in a klystron involves the interaction between the electron beam's velocity and the RF field to produce amplification. Current modulation, on the other hand, involves varying the electron beam's current to control the amplification of the RF signal. In summary, velocity modulation affects the electron beam's speed, while current modulation affects the electron beam's density in a klystron.
A straight beam of light is called a ray of light. Rays of light travel in a straight line from their source until they are interrupted or reflected by a surface.
Since a laser beam is light all moving on the same direction, the path of a laser beam will be a straight line, inless it is redirected by a reflective surface.
Aluminium
The beam of light from a flashlight appears straight in heavy fog because the water droplets in the fog scatter the light in all directions, making it visible in a straight line within the beam's path. This diffused light creates the appearance of a straight beam even though the light is actually dispersing in multiple directions.
Ultrasound can produce a very narrow beam due to its higher frequency and shorter wavelength compared to normal sound waves. The shorter wavelength allows for greater directional control and reduced diffraction, enabling the ultrasound waves to focus more tightly. In contrast, normal sound waves, which typically have longer wavelengths, tend to spread out more as they travel, making it difficult to achieve a narrow beam. This property makes ultrasound particularly useful in applications like medical imaging and industrial testing.
A laser
scattered light
As we know normal modulation is superimposing the wave with another carrier signal but the concept of velocity modulation is totally different, as The modulation in velocity of a beam of electrons or ions caused by passing the beam through a high-frequency electric field, as in a cavity resonator there is no concept of superimposition.
The beam of light stays straight because light travels in straight lines, following the laws of physics. As long as the medium through which the light is passing is uniform and there are no obstructions to scatter or reflect the light, it will continue to travel in a straight line.
Beam of light