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Just about all sentences in the English language fall into ten patterns determined by the presence and functions of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

The patterns are most easily classified according to the type of verb used:

Verb of being patterns (1, 2, 3) use a form of the verb to be as the main verb in the sentence.

is are was were has been have been had been

Linking verb patterns (4, 5) use one of the linking verbs as the main verb in the sentence. The linking verb is followed by a noun or adjective functioning as a subjective complement.

smell taste look feel seem become appear grow

Action verb patterns (6, 7, 8, 9, 10) use one of the many action verbs as the main verb in the sentence. The action verb may be either transitive (take a direct object) or intransitive (not take a direct object).

see jump embrace write imagine buy plummet thinketc.

Terms used to identify various parts of each sentence pattern include the following:

  • NP = noun phrase

This abbreviation refers to a headword noun and its modifiers ("noun phrase") functioning as a subject, direct object, indirect object, subjective complement, or objective complement.

  • NP1, NP2, NP3, etc. = designations for different noun phrase functions

Numbers in sequential order are used with each NP to designate its difference from or similarity to other NPs before and after it.

  • V-be = verb of being

  • LV = linking verb

  • V-int = intransitive verb

  • V-tr = transitive verb

  • ADV/TP = adverbial of time or place

  • ADJ = adjective
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