it became a province during the Ottoman Empire, known as Mesopotamia
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Money form oil exports.
most of them fleed Iraq from1980 to to present
At the moment (July, 2014) Iraq cannot really be considered as a nation with alliances and enemies. Iraq was created out of the dregs of the Ottoman Empire and in the aftermath of two world wars. It has been a remarkably unsuccessful attempt to form one nation out of three inimical tribes. To the extent that we can consider the Baghdad government to be representative of Iraq as a whole (and it is not), the Iraq's allies are Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and possibly Turkey. Its adversaries are Syria and Iran. Given that half of the territory of Iraq is occupied and nominally governed by the terrorist group "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria" and by the Kurds of the north who would prefer an independent Kurdistan, it's even money as to whether Iraq will even exist by next year.
Mesopotomia.
Mesopotamia