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Over time, Roman military service evolved from a citizen-based army of landowners to a professional standing army, particularly after the Marian reforms in 107 BCE, which allowed the capite censi (the landless poor) to enlist. This shift increased the army's size and accessibility, leading to greater reliance on soldiers' loyalty to their generals rather than the state. Additionally, the transition from a primarily volunteer force to a more career-oriented military changed the nature of service, fostering a more disciplined and organized military structure. By the late Empire, the military also saw increased reliance on foreign troops and mercenaries, reflecting broader socio-political changes within the empire.

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