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The two protagonists in the English Civil War were the Parliamentarians (aka Roundheads due to their helmets) led by Oliver Cromwell, and Royalists (aka Cavaliers) led by King Charles I.

The English Civil War began in 1642 and was triggered by a failed attempt by Charles I to have five Members of Parliament arrested but the causes ran far deeper and included religion (England was protestant and anti-catholic. The King had arroused mis-trust by marrying a French Catholic and there were rumours that he was a secret Catholic and intended to re-instate the power of the Catholic Church), money (the King, like his father James I before him, suffered from a chronic shortage of cash), foreign affairs (the Scottish and Irish were rebelling and on the continent the 30 Years War was in full flow, as Catholic rulers attempted to wipe out the Protestants in their countries. This fuelled people's fears that something similar might happen in England) and probably most important was the issue of power (whether the King could rule without Parliament. Charles believed in the Divine Right of Kings, that he was appointed by God and therefore could do no wrong)

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