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He was dismissed as Mayor of Cologne and President of the Prussian State Council by the Nazis in April, 1933. He took refuge in the monastery at Maria Laach for roughly a year following his removal.

Adenauer was briefly imprisoned following the "night of the long knives" in 1934, but was quickly exonerated and released.

He successfully fought for his pension in 1937, and managed to live in peace until being swept up along with other "enemies of the regime" following the 1944 "July Plot" attempt on the life of Adolf Hitler.

Originally scheduled for deportation to the East-and certain death-Adenauer credited former Cologne municipal worker and communist Eugen Zander, a Kapo at a labor camp near Bonn, with saving his life by having him admitted to a hospital. Although later rearrested, Adenauer was released in November 1944 due to lack of evidence.

He was appointed to again be Mayor of Cologne by the Americans immediately following the war, but once the city came under British control, he was dismissed for alleged incompetence.

(paraphrased from Wikipedia)

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