What is a satchel?

Which satchel was used by cavalry officers?

yes, a Hussars handbag !

What Makes A Satchel Charge?

A satchel charge is a demolition device, primarily intended for combat, whose primary components are a charge of dynamite or a more potent explosive such as C-4 plastic explosive, a carrying device functionally similar to a satchel or messenger bag, and a triggering mechanism; the term covers both improvised and formally designed devices. In World War II, combat engineers used satchel charges to demolish heavy stationary targets such as rail, obstacles, blockhouses, bunkers, caves, and bridges. The WWII-era U.S. Army M37 Demolition Kit contained 8 blocks of high explosive, with 2 priming assemblies, in a canvas bag with a shoulder strap. Part or all of this charge could be placed against a structure or slung into an opening. It was usually detonated with a pull igniter. When used as an anti-tank weapon, one- to two-kg charges were sufficient to severely damage the tracks. Four-kg charges were enough to destroy medium tanks. Military engineers have been using explosives since the invention of gunpowder, working alongside front-line troops in extremely hazardous conditions. During World War I, to overcome the bloody stalemate of trench warfare, engineers dug tunnels under enemy positions, packed them with explosives, and detonated these "mines" in attempts to breach enemy lines. Although the Battle of the Somme opened with the explosion of two such mines, the most dramatic use occurred at Messines, Belgium, where 19 mines containing 470 long tons of explosives were simultaneously detonated, causing 16,000 dead or missing German casualties and demolishing huge sections of German trenches and fortifications. The more fluid nature of warfare in World War II meant that demolition explosives would play a much smaller role, although German paratroopers used regular explosives and shaped charges to spectacular effect in their assault on the fortress of Eben Emael in Belgium. Here, a small, highly trained units landed in gliders on the fortress and neutralized the fortress guns that guarded a key approach to be used by the German army at the start of the Blitzkrieg in 1940. Demolitions were also used to clear anti-tank obstacles or barbed wire ahead of an assault. In a defensive role, demolitions could be used to destroy bridges or military installations, especially ports, to slow an advancing army. Much of the skill in using explosives comes from knowing where and how to place them. To destroy hardened structures, a charge has to have its blast directed inwards, towards the structure. If simply placed onto or next to the target, the majority of the explosive force is lost, as it is directed harmlessly away from the target and into the air. Tamping the explosives, typically with sandbags, is the answer to this problem. Heavy sandbags packed around the explosive charge concentrate the force of the explosion toward the target, vastly increasing its destructive potential. In World War II, satchels were sometimes used to carry or secure explosives. These were normally simply bags with handles, similar to briefcases used to carry documents. These "satchel charges" were made up in relative safety with a pre-determined amount of explosives, then carried to their target, placed carefully, and tamped - often under fire. The engineer could detonate the explosives with a safety fuse, with a flash fuse on a timer, or with an electric charge sent through wires from a plunger or twist generator operated from a safe distance. The explosive force and weight of a infantry-borne explosive charges can range from 100 g (3.5 oz) to several kilograms of explosive. German troops often used six stick-grenade heads secured around a seventh, which they colloquially called the Geballte Ladung (clenched charge), confusingly the same name officially applied to standard demolitions TNT containers. The seven grenades combined to supply 1.155 kg (2.55 lb) of TNT. Using a satchel charge against enemy armour was a hit-or-miss affair. The soldier would try to toss the satchel charge onto or under the tank from very close range. In order to be vulnerable to such an attack, the tank would usually have to be slowed or halted or have its maneuverability reduced by obstacles or terrain such as an urban setting. Targeting the engine deck was effective as blast and/or hot gases could pass through the cooling grills and enter the engine compartment, where fuel fumes might ignite. Such a result would most likely destroy the engine and the fire could detonate on-board ammunition and brew up the tank. Lucky hits aside, satchel charges proved most effective against tank tracks. Placed in or under the track, they would break the track and probably damage running gear. In most cases, these immobilized tanks retained their armament, becoming, in effect, pillboxes. If a satchel landed anywhere else on the tank, it would have little chance of doing serious damage - perhaps minor fittings, aerials, and the like might be destroyed. With luck, a sub-optimally placed satchel charge might produce spall inside a tank, concuss the crew, or injure someone directly opposite the detonation point. If a charge exploded on top of a hatch, it might blow the hatch open, allowing a soldier to drop a grenade into the tank. During the Winter War, Finnish General Headquarters studied the effectiveness of its anti-tank kasapanos (piled charge). It noted in February 1940 that 1.0-2.0 kg (2.2-4.4 lb) of TNT was sufficient to sever the track of a tank if blown under or next to the track. A charge of 2.0 kg (4.4 lb) could destroy vehicles of around 6 tonnes, 3.0 kg (6.6 lb) was sufficient to destroy 12-tonne vehicles, and 4.0 kg (8.8 lb) was sufficient for 30-tonne vehicles such as the Soviet T-28 medium tank. According to the Finns, 6.0 kg (13.2 lb) of explosives was powerful enough to knock out any Soviet tank of 1940 vintage, provided a soldier could get close enough to place it where it could do damage, on the tank's rear deck. Destroying a tank with a satchel charge any other way was extremely difficult, as the charge could not be tamped and so much of the explosive force was lost. Some success was scored by soldiers who lay in trenches and allowed a tank to pass overhead, then secured explosives to the weaker underside armour of the tank with adhesive. When this worked, it would incapacitate the crew with over-pressurisation rather than disable the tank itself. Despite whatever theoretical effectiveness explosive charges had in stopping armoured vehicles, they had many disadvantages. In general, high explosives were confined to engineering stores. Soldiers had to be trained in their use and bricks of TNT (or the equivalent) were not standard infantry issue. Furthermore, the attacker needed to just about crawl on top or beneath an enemy tank to make an attack. Because of these drawbacks, and limited opportunities, successes against tanks rarely occurred. Until the introduction of infantry anti-tank weapons such as the Panzerfaust (tank fist), PIAT (Projector Infantry Anti Tank), and bazooka, anti-armour defence depended on crewed anti-tank guns. Using a satchel charge to take out a tank was a desperate move forced by the absence of more effective anti-tank weapons. Satchel charges were not the only improvised anti-tank weapons. Molotov cocktails, which contained petrol, a thickener, and a fuse, and other fire-based weapons could succeed if they set the vehicle's engine afire or somehow found their way into the fighting compartment. "Military Training Pamphlet No. 42: Tank Hunting and Destruction", a British Army publication produced in August 1940, included even more desperate measures. It suggests that a team of four can take out tanks with a length of railway track, a blanket, a bucket of petrol, and matches. The team was to hide in an alleyway or alongside a house where the tank is expected to pass. Two men hold the railway track with the blanket draped over it. As the tank passes the hiding place, these two run out and jam the railway track into the tank's suspension. The third man throws the bucket of petrol over the blanket, now entangled in the track, and the fourth sets it on fire. Another plan from that booklet is for a single man with a hammer and hand grenade to station himself near the expected route of a tank. When the tank passes, the man is to jump onto the passing tank and pound on the turret hatch with the hammer. When the tank commander opens the hatch to find out what is going on, the attacker is to drop the hand grenade inside. There is no record of these tactics ever being attempted. At the start of World War II, all countries had standard demolitions explosives. Great Britain used guncotton, which was issued in tin cases containing 14 1.0-lb (0.45-kg) slabs in the explosive's wet form for demolitions purposes and in boxes of six tin tubes that each contained ten primers in the dry form for detonators, and ammonal, a less violent explosive that was issued in tins of 2.5, 25, and 50 lb (1.1, 11, and 22.7 kg). Germany's Geballte Ladung, TNT contained in a watertight zinc container, was issued in standard sizes of 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 kg (2.2 lb. 6.6 lb, and 22.0 lb) although other, smaller 100-g (3.5-oz) and 200-g (7.1 oz) charges existed for specialized work. As the war progressed, more powerful explosives developed. The Allies developed RDX (Research Department Explosive) which was later used as the base of plastic explosive and which was also used to fill the blockbuster aerial bombs. Germany developed aluminised explosives that greatly increased the temperature of detonation (and thus blast effect) and eliminated the need for an incendiary component in their cannon Minengeschoss (mine projectile), and Nipolit, an explosive of high mechanical strength that could be cut, shaped, or milled like hard plastic. The Allied Bangalore Torpedo and the German Rohrladung (tubing charge) were small-diameter tubes filled with explosive that were used to clear barbed wire. Several tubes could be clipped together end to end, then pushed under the wire and detonated to clear a path through the wire obstacle. The Munroe effect of a shaped charge - producing a supersonic blast of gas and molten metal - was well known and employed by all combatants early in the war. Great Britain and France had effective anti-tank rifle grenades in 1940 and German refinements led to the Hafthohlladung (detention hollow charge), a magnetically attached anti-tank weapon that ranged in size from 2-10 kg (4.4-22 lb), in 1942. The Hafthohlladung could also be attached to a concrete blockhouse by a length of chain to blast a hole through the wall. Another version of this was the Abstandsladung (spacer charge) H15, which was fitted with folding legs and was used for attacking armour plate and reinforced concrete in static defences. Great Britain developed three types of shaped charges: the Beehive Charge that was used for burning holes through concrete or armour plate, etc; the Hayrick Charge, a linear charge that was used for cutting the reinforcing bars in concrete, etc; and the arched or General Wade Charge, which was an arched linear charge that would give a combined cutting and pressure effect. As the war progressed, ranged shaped-charge weapons such as the US bazooka, the British PIAT, and the German Panzerfaust evolved. Germany developed a series of remotely controlled vehicles that could deliver an explosive charge under fire, and the British produced the Gammon grenade, basically a grenade whose explosive filling could be added as and when required, and developed HESH (High Explosive Squash Head) for use against fortifications, although it today serves as the UK's preferred anti-armour round.

What weapons did nazi soldiers use in World War 2?

Pistols: Colt 1911 Smith & Wesson Model 1917 (not a standard issue, but used anyways)Bolt Action Rifles: Springfield Model 1903 (used mainly as a sniper rifle after Garand was issued)Semi-Automatic Rifles: M1 Garand (M1-E7 Garand had scope and flash suppressor) M1 Carbine (M1A1 had folding stock and pistol grip for paratroopers)Submachine Guns: Thompson M1A1 Thompson M1928A1 (Tommy Gun) M3A1 'Greasegun' M2 Carbine (considered an SMG because it fires a pistol cartridge)Rocket Launchers: M1 2.36 inch BazookaLight and Heavy Machine Guns: M1918A2 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) M1917 .30cal Water Cooled Machine Gun (too many models to differentiate) M1919 .30cal Air Cooled Machine Gun (too many models to differentiate) Browning M2HB 'Ma Deuce'Flamethrowers: M1A1 M2-2Grenades: M2 'Pineapple' MKA3 Concussion AN-M8 Smoke AN-M14 Incendiary M15 White Phosphorous M9 Anti-Tank Rifle Grenade M17A1 Fragmentation Rifle GrenadeAnswerThe US combatatant used many and various weapons. They had the standard bayonet or knife issued that served both as a utility tool and a close combat weapon. Officers and NCOs were issued 45 caliber Colts, although some airmen had revolvers. The M-1 Garand semi-auto rifle was the most prevalent weapon. Many NCOs and squad leaders carried the Thompson SMG. The most common version (issued from 1942 on) was not like the Chicago piano from gangster movies. The forward hand grip had been removed, plus a wooden stock had been added around the barrel. This would accept either 20- or 30-round stick magazines. Early war (M1928) Thompsons also accepted 50, 100, or 200 round drum magazines.Each squad was also to have a BAR (Browning Automatic Rifle). This weapon was big but was a fully automatic weapon that could lay down suppressive fire. It had some serious stopping power. In addition to this, there was the flame thrower, which saw more action in the Pacific theater.Hand grenades were another weapon issued to combat troops. Also when assaulting bunkers or other fixed emplacements, they would satchel charges..30 and .50 caliber MG teams (2-3 men: 1 firer, 1-2 loaders/carriers) might be attached to rifle platoons as needed, along with the mortar teams.As for other items, some servicemen would use enemy weapons, but most collected these (and just about anything else that was not riveted down) as trophies.

How much ammunition was used in the Vietnam war?

Discounting artillery (Navy 16", 8", 6", 5", mortars, 40mm/Army & Marines 106mm, 90mm, 57mm recoilless rifles, 40mm Dusters & 40mm grenade launchers (M79 & M203), mortars, 175mm, 8", 155mm, and 105mm). Discounting 20mm jet & airplane cannons. Discounting allied & enemy forces. ESTIMATED 5 BILLION BULLETS FIRED IN VIETNAM: .30 caliber carbine, .30 caliber (30-06) M1 Garand, .30 caliber Browning machine gun, .50 caliber Browning machine gun (B52 tail gunners fired quad fifties downing two NVAF MiG21s in 1972), M60 machine guns (.308 caliber/7.62mm NATO), .223 caliber (5.56mm NATO), .45 caliber (M3 Grease guns & Thompson submachineguns), .38 revolver (carried by many US airmen in Vietnam). Note: US Armored Cavalry/Mechanized Infantry/Tank Battalions carried and expended about 1/2 million rounds per battalion every 30 to 60 days. Which would be about 6 million rounds expended or destroyed per year per battalion; there were 23 such battalions in South Vietnam. Straight grunt battalions (Straight leg units/regular infantry) carried far less ammunition; each M16 bandoleer consisted of 7 twenty round magazines & the average grunt packed 5 to 7 such bandoleers But they were almost always loaded with only 18 rounds instead of 20 to prevent jamming, therefore each bandoleer contained roughly 126 M16 rounds (7 bandoleers consisted of about 882 rounds, so 10 men carried about 8,820 cartridges). Helicopter door gunners added to the formula.

What weapons did Japan use in World War 2?

Like any mechanized nation at the time, Japan had a myriad of systems organized into groups, Naval, aviation, land. The answer would be extensive and long and have many subcategories. To start I'll generalize with naval forces, the Imperial Japanese Navy possessed many of the same types of ships as the U.S. Navy. Being an island nation, Japan needed a large navy to "project power," that means to get the forces that will enforce their will away from their homeland to the area where they wanted to exert their influence. For that reason they had aircraft carriers (they understood their use and tactics better than the U.S. Navy did at the beginning of the war), battleships, cruisers, destroyers and submarines. They had ships for landing troops and supporting their larger warships. The Japanese philosophy for naval architecture (building ships) reflected their strategic philosophy that the fleet was not to defend the homeland, but to be offensive. Their submarine fleet viewed hunting for transports and cargo ships to be beneath their efforts and they failed to understand the importance of destroying commerce and resupply until the allied navies had already established strong defensive capabilities. The U.S. Navy, by contrast, used their submarines almost exclusively for strangling Japan by sinking commerce ships wherever they could be located.With their Aircraft they would be divided into many groups, bombers, fighters, naval aviation, cargo and reconnaissance. Famous examples are the Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" fighters and the "Betty" bombers. They weapons they used for these aircraft were 7.7 mm machine guns and 20mm cannons. Again, their aircraft reflected an offensive mind set as the aircraft were fast, agile, heavily armed but lightly protected. There was a failure, as the war went on, to adequately address weaknesses in their designs and improve their aircraft designs. They did not have an adequate bomber force for using what the U.S. would later use against Japan, strategic bombing for the destruction of industry, military installations and civilian labor force.In land warfare, the Japanese were extremely motivated, very skilled, brilliant tactically and strategically, but poorly equipped. Everything from rifles and grenades to tanks and artillery were horribly outdated. Their early successes depended on the ferocity of their troops and superior tactics. But as the war went on, the poor quality of their equipment was clear to everyone in the theater. They attempted to copy our M-1 Garand rifle without success before the war ended. Their machine guns, grenades, pistols and other basic infantry equipment were all hopelessly outdated. This reflected the Japanese emphasis on aircraft and naval forces. Again, they were depending on the ferocity and tenacity of their troops and a lack of concern for improving basic infantry equipment. Their tanks were designed to fight in confined, jungle dominated areas. They had thin armor and light guns and were handily defeated by U.S. troops and tanks. So, I know I haven't listed enough equipment specifically, but the list would go on forever without telling you very much about the weapons themselves, but sometimes, understanding the thinking that went into their designs, sometimes, is a better look at their frame of mind than just about anything else.They also use gillie jackets or dug little pits in the ground that they would hide in and suprise the enemy.AnswerThe most common hand held weapons were as follow:Arisaka model38: A standerd issue bolt action rifle usualy with a bayonnet. This also had a pop up site and use a 5 round strip clip. (5 rounds on a thin piece of metal that fell off when loaded it)Arisaka model44 carbine: Amost the same as the 38 exept it use pistol rounds. (carbine) and didn't have a popup site. (ALthough it was just as lethal and very accurate)Model97 sniper: A long range rifle (bolt action) that held 5 rounds and had a strip clip. NO adaitional bayonnet.Model96 (Type99) LMG: This light machine gun (LMG) was very big and was top loaded. Fired their larger type99 round and held a 30 round mag. (clip) Almost all had bayonnets.The type100 SMG: A Sub Machine gun (SMG) (which means it fired pistol rounds instead of rifle rounds) That was side loaded. And light weight.Nambu Pistol(s): Usualy to distinguish officers the nambu came in 3 sizes. The baby nambu was the smallest. Then the Papa Nambu was the medium. The bigest and most common was the "Nambu Pistol". This heald a 8 round mag (U.S.A Colt 1911 held 7) and was made by a radio companie in Tokyo.The model92: A mouted machine gun nick named "Woodpecker" by the US marines because of how slow it was. This used ammo strips which needed a seperate loader and only lasted 20 secounds before it had to be reloaded (which only took about 3 sec). This also was super heavy and had a nasty habit of biting the reloader.

What is a satchel?

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Which satchel was used by cavalry officers?

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