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The term is short for Final Solution of the Jewish Question [German Endloesung der Judenfrage] and was the Nazis' own term for their attempt (starting in 1941) to kill all the Jews in Europe. Since about 1980 it has usually been referred to by most historians as the Holocaust. The Final Solution was the genocide (mass murder) of about six million Jews by the Nazis in 1941-1945. (The actual term was one of those Nazi euphemisms: they did not like to talk of killing).

The term suggests, misleadingly, that there was a real problem and that other solutions had been tried seriously but had failed. From 1933-1939 the Nazis tried to bully the German Jews into leaving the country. However, with the Nazi conquests beginning in September 1939 the size of the Jewish population under German rule rose sharply. There was talk within the Nazi leadership in 1940 of shipping the entire European Jewish population to Madagascar, but this was never realistic. There was a poorly planned attempt in 1939-40 to send the Jews to a 'reservation' near Lublin in occupied Poland. There was also talk at a later stage of moving all the Jews to Siberia ...

The Jewish 'problem' was a self-inflicted Nazi problem. The Jews were harmless. At some level even the Nazi leadership knew this. They waited till 1938 - in other words, till they had been in power for five years - before even getting round to forbidding Jews to own firearms.

The Nazis saw the Jews as a problem for Germany, for Europe and for the world. They wanted to "solve" the "problem" once and for all. Late in 1941 the Nazi leadership decided to exterminate the Jews. They wanted to -- and tried to -- kill every Jewish man, woman and child in Europe. They came darned close, killing about six million and leaving something fewer than one million alive in the areas that they controlled.

The term Holocaust did not come into common use till the late 1970s, following the television miniseries with that title.

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