Outliers were those men who evaded the draft and lived outside of the law and society to keep from being caught. In the mountains they were known as Bushwhackers. On the coast, they were known as Buffaloes.
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Outliers pull the mean in the direction of the outlier.
No. The F4U was not yet operational at the time of Midway. The US operated Grunman F4F Wildcats, and some F2A Brewster Buffaloes from the Island airstrip on Midway. The Buffalo was obsolete and easy prey for the enemy. Some carrier air groups had just re-equipped with the F4F-4. This was the first carrier fighter plane with folding wings, so more could be embarked with the air group. It was not a popular change with the pilots, because to make room for the wing-folding mechanism, two machine guns were removed and one-third less ammunition could be carried. Some groups probably still had F4F-3s, without folding wings, but with six machine guns instead of four, and 50% greater ammunition capacity.