Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, philosopher, and writer of the Renaissance period, best known for his political treatise, "The Prince." Born in 1469 in Florence, he is often considered the father of modern political science due to his pragmatic approach to power and governance. Machiavelli's work emphasizes the importance of realpolitik and the sometimes ruthless measures leaders must take to maintain authority. His ideas have sparked ongoing debate about ethics in politics and the nature of power.