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  • The clearance between piston and cylinder walls is much larger than you might think; perhaps .05" or even more. The reason for such a large gap is partly manufacturing tolerances, but even more because of differential expansion of piston and cylinder as the engine first starts up and heats up.
  • Both problems are solved by making the piston undersized and machining three or more rectangular section grooves around the outer surface of the piston. A hardened steel ring fits into each groove; it is sprung such that it presses against the cylinder wall. These piston rings take up the difference in diameter between piston and cylinder, and automatically compensate for differential expansion. They also take up wear as the engine ages. Another bonus is that the piston itself does not rub against the cylinder wall. The resistance to wear which is necessary for long engine life comes from the hardened steel rings. The piston does not have to be made of hardened steel, and many are actually made from aluminium.
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