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Use of metaphors in the English language is so common that we rarely realise they are being used.

A metaphor is: a descriptive term (a word or expression) applied to an object or action, but the description itself is not literally applicable to the thing being described.

(Note: A metaphor is not to be confused with a simile. A simile is a comparison of two unlike things using the words 'like' or 'as', for example 'as cold as ice'.)

The word metaphor has Latin origins, and means 'carry across, transfer'. A metaphor carries across or transfers the meaning from one situation and applies it to another.

AN EXAMPLE OF A METAPHOR

Someone might refer to 'a glaring error', but errors aren't literally 'glaring', because the word glaring in its literal sense means 'gleaming/shining fiercely/brightly in an uncomfortable way', such as the 'glare of the sun', or 'I was blinded by the glare of the headlights of the oncoming vehicles.' Applying the metaphor 'glaring' to an error means that the error is clearly evident.

IDENTIFYING METAPHORS

To identify metaphors when reading passages, first look for a term that describes something, then see if that term has a more literal meaning, one that is not usually used with reference to the word or situation currently being described. If you can find one, it is probably a metaphor.

Some examples:

he spoke cold words of little comfort

a gene map

a sad willow tree

primordial soup

to bailout the banks

road map to peace

toxic assets

"My new motor bike cost me an arm and a leg, but hey, you should see her fly!"

Metaphoric prose:"The fog comes

on little cat feet.

It sits looking

over harbor and city

on silent haunches

and then moves on."

From the Fog by Carl Sandburg

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