The observed difference in hardness among various crystals can be attributed to their atomic structure and bonding types. Crystals with strong covalent or ionic bonds, such as diamond or corundum, typically exhibit higher hardness due to the strength and directionality of these bonds. In contrast, crystals with weaker van der Waals or metallic bonds tend to be softer, as these bonds offer less resistance to deformation. Additionally, factors like crystal lattice arrangement and the presence of impurities can also influence hardness.
165 = 33% ABC observed, 150/30% expected 140 = 28% CBS observed, 150/30% expected 125 = 25% NBC observed, 150/30% expected (500 less 430 is 70) 70 = 14% Cable observed, 50/10% expected Chi square test for goodness of fit (between the guideline and the sample) The Null is that the guideline and observed results have no significant difference, the Alternative is that they do have a difference. (3 degrees of freedom, 4 categories -1) gives a critical value of 7.82 at .05 significance The Chi test for this data is 14.32 so the Null is rejected and the Alternative is accepted.
it is observed on the day of 18 april
The volatility smile is a long-observed pattern in which at-the-money options tend to have lower implied volatilities than other options. The pattern displays different characteristics for different markets and results from the probability of extreme moves
3 December observed the anti pollution day
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Observed differences in crystal hardness can be attributed to variations in the arrangement of atoms within the crystal lattice, impurities present in the crystal structure, temperature of crystallization, and the presence of structural defects like dislocations or vacancies. These factors can affect the strength of interatomic bonds and influence the overall hardness of the crystal.
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Different crystals have different colors due to variations in their chemical composition and atomic structure. The way light interacts with these properties leads to the absorption and reflection of certain wavelengths, resulting in the observed colors. Impurities and defects in the crystal lattice can also influence its color.
It is the observed error.
Minerals are crystalline in structure. If you're looking at a solid object of inorganic origin, that occurs naturally, and it has crystals, the crystals are minerals.
A difference of chemical properties is observed for light elements; for other elements these differences are extremely small.
an insoluble sold formed in a chemical reaction that is taking place on a solution. Observed when the amount (concentration) of that substance is greater than its solubility. small crystals settel out in the container.
Yes steel can have multiple types of crystalline structure or "grain" structure. These structures can be changed by heating and cooling the steel in particular ways. This is not unlike how different temperatures and cooling speeds cause water to form different sizes and shapes of ice crystals, which can be readily observed in snow crystals. In steel, the properties of the alloy will be determined in large part by the crystal structure, like hardness, ductility, tensile strength. The manipulation of these crystalline structure through controlled heating and cooling is known as tempering, or heat treating.
The hardness and density of zinc are physical properties, as they do not involve any change in the chemical composition of the substance. Changes in physical properties can be observed without altering the chemical identity of the material.
In mixtures of salt and water, typically two phases are observed: a solid phase of salt crystals and a liquid phase of water.
The treatment effect is the difference between the observed outcome and the "normal" outcome
The treatment effect is the difference between the observed outcome and the "normal" outcome