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You mean "how does a phase shift oscillator introduce a phase shift of 180 degrees?"

OK, we need two things for this type of oscillator:

1. A loop gain of more than 1.0,

2. A loop phase shift of zero degrees.

The PSO achieves the gain using a valve, transistor, or op amp. It achieves the loop phase shift using (i) an inverting amplifier, equal to a phase shift of 180º, plus (ii) a network (usually resistor-capacitor) with a further phase shift of 180º. The loop shift is thus (180+180) = 360º/ zero degrees.

It's easiest to use a three-part phase shift network, as the theoretically-possible two-part is difficult to make work, and the four-part is unneccessarily complex.

The required phase shift of exactly 180º occurs at only one frequency, determined by the values of R and C.

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