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The middle of the 19th century witnessed the appearance of the first mechanical washing machines. Typically a closed tub with wooden paddles (agitators, later made of metal) allowed laundresses to work in an upright position and not get their hands wet so much. Laundry was no longer the laborious and time-consuming ritual it had been in the past. The dirt and bad smells that accompanied overcrowding in the cities were less and less acceptable to people, and this led to steady scientific progress. But before washing machines were generally in use, large towns installed large public wash-houses or laundries. The

fixed tub with a hand-propelled rotating agitator was the forerunner of the rotating tub (gyrator) machine. The forerunner of the modern drum machine that extracts the water during a rapid spin cycle would not appear until into the 20th century. Laundry remained a ritual in the U.S. throughout the 19th century. A written testimony by a late-19th century author in Practical Housekeeping reads: "Laundry and cooking go hand in hand . . . On washing and ironing days, it is inadvisable to cook steak or fry fish, due to the smell. In addition, no spinach, split peas, green beans (which need stringing), or stewed apples [should be prepared] because these all take too long to prepare and time should be given to the laundry. More suitable dishes would be potatoes, pasta, rice and corn, with a dessert of baked apples with cream: Quick, easy and very tasty." Developments in laundry products didn't keep pace with the technological advances in washing machines: Until the end of the 19th century, people still washed their clothes with soap flakes. Synthetic detergents would not appear for another 10 to 20 years,

during World War I.

The milestones in the history of washing machines and dryers during the 18th and 19th centuries

1797: Scrub boards.

Early 1800s: First clothes dryers; hand-powered.

1851: First, hand-powered, washing machine with a drum, invented by James King.

1861: First clothes wringer added to the washing machine.

1874: William Blackstone built his first hand-driven wooden washing machine. The company he founded still produces and sells washing machines to this day, out of their New York headquarters.

1858: First rotary washing machine, invented by Hamilton Smith.

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