Among other things, that they were static in space
I think it's currently impossible to do that - specifically, to measure the distances of ALL the galaxies. There are just too many Astronomers might take a small section of the sky - say, a square degree or even a fraction thereof, analyze the galaxies in such a section, and extrapolate. As to the measurement itself, there are different methods; the Wikipedia article on "cosmic distance ladder" can give you a general idea. In summary, the farthest galaxies are simply measured by their redshift. That is to say, the farther they are, the faster they move away from us; and this can be measured using the Doppler effect.
Billions at least, in the large galaxies. Obviously it depends on the size of the galaxy. It is estimated that in our Galaxy there are at least 100 billion and perhaps as many as 400 billion stars. Many galaxies are same sort of size as ours and some are much bigger. However, there are a lot of small "dwarf galaxies" The smaller dwarf galaxies have millions rather than billions of stars.
EARLY astronomers primarily used mathematics; that's why so many "early astronomers" are described as "mathematician and astronomer". Until the invention of the telescope in the early 1600's, there were no astronomical tools beyond the octant.
Astronomers invented the sun dial. They could help by assisting the caravans with their time managements and how many hours they had until the night came.
No. In fact, many alcohol smugglers obtained their alcohol in Canada.
Billions. (rounded)
That the Milky Way is the only existing galaxy populated by millions of sun-like stars. It wasn't until Edwin Hubble's discovery of the Andromeda galaxy in 1922 that everything changed, where we, since his discovery, now know that there are billions of galaxies each containing hundreds upon billions of stars! EDIT: Now I registered! If you want to know more, feel free to contact me!
The Milky Way, included every object in space
No. We do not have time to make so many measurements.
The speed of rotation of a galaxy is related to the mass of the galaxy. Most galaxies appear to be spinning more quickly than their masses could account for, leading some scientists to believe that (many? most?) galaxies are heavier than they appear to be. So if there is a lot of extra mass that we cannot see, a black hole is a logical supposition. We can't prove it - yet - but many astronomers believe that supermassive black holes may reside in the centers of most galaxies.
Collectively they are called Astronomers and Astrophysicists. Either professionals or amateurs.There are many types of astronomers, defined by how they study the stars. The most well-known are those that use optical telescopes followed closely by those that use Radio-telescope to pick up wavelengths other than visible light. there are many others and many other ways to collect data on the galaxies and stars.Astrophysicists are astronomers and may also collect direct data, yet they are more interested in the working behind the data. They deal in physics and theories of the galaxies.
Currently, most astronomers believe there is probably a large black hole at the center of most, if not all, galaxies, including ours. There are also probably many smaller black holes scattered throughout.
See "related links" for a list of some important ones. The Hubble Space Telescope alone has observed thousands, and that was just by looking at a very small patch of the sky. There are actually millions that could be observed if we had time to do it. In fact, astronomers calculate that there are hundreds of billions of galaxies. In theory many of them could be observed and the number we can see will increase as our technology improves.
Collisions or interactions between galaxies are believed to be the cosmic accidents that can lead to the formation of many irregularly shaped galaxies. These interactions can trigger bursts of star formation and distort the shape of galaxies, resulting in the formation of irregular shapes.
They thought that the milky way galaxy included every other object in space.
1)placing cosmological constraints on the expansion of the Universe through the determination of distances to galaxies 2)to measure many characteristics of our galaxy and our relationship to it
Astonomeres have made the calculation of 27 moons and their calculatoins were right tere are 27 moons on Uranus