If one nation, or an independent piece of territory, is surrounded totally by one other it is called an enclave.
If it is not an independent piece of territory, but is a part of a different country, it is called an exclave.
No, it is not completely encircled by South America. Lesotho is a country in the continent of Africa, and is completely surrounded by the country called South Africa.
The region of a country bordering on another or a line, barrier, etc., marking such a border is called a frontier. A frontier is also the edge of the settled area of a country.
No. However there is a city called Cotonou in the country called Benin.
They are called immigrants, a person that comes to a country where they were not born, to settle there.
It might be an urban agglomeration, a conurbation or a metropolitan area.
That country is called a landlocked country, meaning it is surrounded by other countries and has no coastline.
An island is surrounded by all sides with the oceans.
No, it is not completely encircled by South America. Lesotho is a country in the continent of Africa, and is completely surrounded by the country called South Africa.
An area of land completely surrounded by water is called an island.
A country with no water around its border is called a landlocked country. This means that the country is completely surrounded by land and does not have any coastlines or access to the sea.
There is no Batican City but there is a country called Vatican City. It is the smallest country in the world and is completely surrounded by the city of Rome, in Italy.
A small country inside another country is typically referred to as an enclave. This means that the smaller country is surrounded by the territory of the larger country.
Islands
They are called islands
It is an island.
A lake?
This could be a number of things. A pond, a lake, an inland sea, etc.