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Soil is a complex material that evolves over time. An average soil is said to consist of 45% mineral matter, 25% water, 25% air, and 5% organic matter.

The formation of soil starts with the parent material, the source of which could be from windblown or water transported sediments and organic matter. Over time, chemical and mechanical weathering processes break down this material into finer and finer particles. The rate of weathering is greatly affected by the climate.

As plants and animals live and die, they add organic waste to the content of the parent material, and also aerate the material by digging and burrowing. Eventually a topsoil and subsoil will form from these processes, which can take hundred or thousands of years to produce even a meager thickness of productive soil.

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14y ago
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12y ago

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Q: What is the process of soil formation?
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