What were the causes and effects of British rule on Indians?

Answer 1

the functions and powers of tribalchiefs changed considerably.they lost their administrative power and were forced to follow laws made by British officials.

Some phesants were declared landowners and others tenants, the tenants were to pay rent to the landowner who in turn paid revenue to the state.

British extended their control overall forests and declared some as Reserved for producing timber, which was called forest rules and laws.

Answer 2

Under colonial rule (occupation by immigrants from a different territory) in a place of indigenous people leading a pastoral life, the life of Pastoralist changes dramatically.

The grazing grounds of Pastoralist shrank because of the domination of colonial people to lead a metropolis living, the movements of pastorals gets regulated and the taxes they had to pay because of metropolis ruling increases considerably and imposition of new Legislations.

The livestock and agricultural stock also declines and the trades and crafts are adversely affected as the life style gets modified.

The pastoral class become a neglected class causing severe damage to economy creating disparities among the classes and cultural shocks leading to classes.

As in many other aspects of contemporary concern the foundation of policy and value

orientation that shapes our approach to pastoralism was laid during the years of colonial rule. We

know that the colonial years witnessed fundamental changes in the political and economic system,

affecting a whole range of social and ecological relationships. Although it is usually not

recognized, pastoral habitats were among the major resources and ecosystems which were

marginalized as a consequence of colonial priorities. In order to understand how this happened we

need to look at colonialism's larger ideological complex. It is only by locating pastoralism within

the larger context of what was happening to its resource base that we can begin to appreciate the

power of the processes undermining pastoral practice, as well as the logic that continues to shape

our approach to pastoralism even to this day.

Colonial Sources of Policy Bias:

Among the more lively issues in Indian social history is that concerning the emergence of socalled 'criminal tribes' during the colonial period, captured with drama and brutality in the

practice of 'thugee'. One explanation seems to be that the emergence of groups engaging in crime

was closely related to their economic displacement and social dislocation. It is thought that

colonial policies directly and indirectly created the conditions that promoted these forms of anti-sociality. In contrast to pre-colonial states, colonial relations with local populations and resources

tended to be more sophisticated in its extractive mechanisms. As against primitive forms of

accumulation based on force, colonial systems of extraction were primarily economic. What it did

practically was to exclude populations that could not be incorporated in its economic agenda. Thus

groups engaged in occupations that could not feed into the colonial economy, were increasingly

peripheralized. The Criminalization of groups formed a part of this process, setting into motion a

complex whereby populations were pushed into criminality by the priorities of the colonial

production system, and their lawlessness in turn reinforced the experience of exclusion and

marginality.

by, Thommen Shaji

Answer 3

adopted a parliamentary system of government

Answer 4

The British ruled through tribal leaders. The existence and structure of the tribal system was preserved and strengthened by this approach.