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Colonialism as practiced through the 19th century had three major impacts on African societies:

  • It disrupted the traditional tribal cultures and religions and brought in European Christianity.
  • It replaced the tribal boundaries with artificial areas of control.
  • It subjugated the African majority populations to rule by white Europeans.

The introduction of Christianity led to suppression of many ancient practices, although some survived and adapted. Some had already been transplanted to the Caribbean islands by African slaves taken there.

Tribes often found themselves competing for the resources being produced by the colonial industries. In some cases, tribes still warred among each other as before colonialism.

An aristocratic class of European managers and directors sprang up to operate the colonies. As had occurred with the American Indians, many African tribes lost their lands, were mistreated, or became second-class citizens in a segregated society. It was not until the late 20th century that black Africans regained some political control over their native lands. The transition to self-rule has been marked in many cases by dictatorships, armed factions, wars, and public corruption.

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